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新定义英语第四册Lesson23课文翻译及词语

Bird flight

鸟的飞行办法

What are the two main types of bird flight described by the author?

No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen. Any shi that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the contrary school, the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts. Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with such-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows. Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey. The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure. It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that; and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.

WILLIAM BEACH THOMAS A Countryman's Creed

New words and expressions 生词和短语

albatross

n. 信天翁

sustenance

n. 支撑力

glider

n. 滑翔者

harness

v. 借助

endow

v. 赋有

ply

v. 不断地供给

gale

n. 大风

partridge

n. 鹧鸪

like

adj. 类似的

propulsion

n. 推进力

utter

adj. 完全的

slip

v. 滑行

adverse

adj. 逆的，相反的

omen

n. 征兆

参考译文

没任何两种鸟的飞行方法是相同的。鸟的飞行方法千差万别，但大体上可分为两类。任何一艘横度太平洋的轮船都会有一种小信天翁随着飞行很多天。它们随船飞行一小时也难得见其扇动一下翅膀。沿船体的上升的气流和沿航线向前的气流给这种巨翼大鸟以足够的浮力和推力。信天翁是滑翔飞行的鸟类，它能自如地驾驭空气，但需要顺气流飞行。与滑翔鸟相对的另一类鸟中，数野鸭本领高。它更近乎于人类自夸的“征服”了空气的发动机。野鸭及它们一样的鸽子有天分的钢铁般的肌肉，占了体重的非常大一部分。这类肌肉以巨大的力量扇动短小的翅膀，使这种鸟能顶着大风飞行非常远的路才会疲劳。次于野鸭和鸽子的鸟，如鹧鸪，有一样的巨大推进力，但非常快会疲劳。假如海风驱使它们飞行非常长距离，你可以捡到一些因筋疲力尽而摔下来的鹧鸪。燕子充分兼有这两类鸟的长处，它既不疲劳，也不炫耀我们的飞翔力;在空中十分自如，可以飞行6，000英里，可以飞往北方做窝的老家，再从老家飞回;一边飞一边喂养会飞的雏燕，甚至在顶风时也能在气流中滑翔，好像气流在帮它前进。这类鸟对大家是有益的，虽然大家不再从它们的飞翔姿态来测算吉凶，连迷信的村民也不再对喜鹊脱帽行礼，祝它早安了。

新定义英语第四册Lesson24课文翻译及词语

Beatuy

美

what do glimpses of beauty, either in nature or art, often suggest to the human mind?

a young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to world that lies beyond. it is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence, different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some way higher. and, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. greater too than we can describe; for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another.

that all great has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. in some moods, nature shares it. there is no sky in june so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves and indefinable longing and regret. but, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us. if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning. if we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp. beauty in terms of our human meanings is meaningless.

new words and expressions 生词和短语

intense

adj. 强烈的

aesthetic

adj. 审美的

realm

n. 世界

serenity

n. 静谧

undeniable

adj. 不能否认的

indefinable

adj. 模糊不清的

vulgar

adj. 平庸的

radiance

n. 发光

intimation

n. 暗示

unutterable

adj. 不可言传的

invest

v. 赋予

参考译文

一个青年看到日落，因为没办法理解和表达日落在他心中唤起的激情，便得出结论：日落处想来是通往遥远世界的大门。无论是哪个，在强烈感觉到美的时刻，心中都不禁油生一种遐想：大家好像瞥见从另一个世界射向大家的一线光芒，那个世界不只不同于大家这个世界，而且因为美感的强烈感染，在某些方面比大家这个世界更美好。虽然这光芒让人眼花缭乱，但它确实给予大家一种不过去历和没办法想象的美感和静谧的启示。这种美感和静谧是大家没办法描述的，由于大家创造的语言是用来描述这个世界的意思，不可以随意拿来去描述另一个世界。

不能否认，所有伟大的艺术都具备使人遐想到进入天外世界的魔力。在某种状况下，大自然也有这种魔力。6月蔚蓝的天空总使人遥想一个愈加蔚蓝的苍穹;漂亮的落日总会引起一个愈加绚丽的景象未及饱览便一闪即逝，并在消逝中给人留下不可名状的渴望和惆怅。假如这个世界不仅仅是一个拙劣的恶作剧，假如生活不仅仅是群星寒光中平凡的一闪，假如存在不仅仅是对神秘事物的一种空虚的笑声，假如某种玄妙事物的暗示不是消化不好的引起的*情绪，更不是魔鬼为了捉弄大家，使大家发狂而送给大家的邪念，一句话，假如美有某种意义的话，我闪千万不要去说明它的意义。假如我瞥见了只可意会不可言传的事物，企图把它讲出，那上不明智的;对于大家不理解的事物，大家也不应该去赋予它某种意义。用对大家人类有意义的词讲解美是没意义的。

新定义英语第四册Lesson25课文翻译及词语

Non-auditory effects of noise

噪音的非听觉效应

What conclusion does the author draw about noise and health in this piece? May people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit

the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This isa pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with had science.

One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness. A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck'. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that onemerely a symptom? Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and ersecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.

What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. Some time ago the United States Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does exist: but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage -- which really is mental health hazard.

D.E.BROADBENT Non-auditory effects of noise from Science Survey

New words and expressions 生词和短语

auditory

adj. 听觉的

inadequate

adj. 不适合的

plea

n. 需要

abatement

n. 降低

discredit

v. 怀疑

allegation

n. 断言

caption

n. 插图说明

wreck

n. 残废人

snag

n. 疑难之处，障碍

anecdote

n. 轶闻

slander

v. 诽谤

persecute

v. *

squadron

n. 中队

psychiatric

adj. 精神病学的

diagnosis

n. 诊所

orphanage

n. 孤儿院

参考译文

在工业部门工作和在军队中服役的很多人对噪声音有切身的领会，他们觉得对这个问题进行调查中费时，甚至不愿承认噪音可能对人有影响。其次，那些讨厌噪音的人有时会用不充分的证据来支持他们期望有一个较为安静的社会环境的需要。需要降低噪音是件好事，但假如与拙劣的科学掺杂在一块的话，就不会让人们所信赖，这是非常遗憾的。

容易见到的一种指责是，噪音能引起精神病。比如，近一家周报刊登了一篇文章，文章上方有一幅引人注目的插图，是一位表情沮丧的女子。图的文字说明：“她是又一个受害者，成了只能尖叫的可怜虫。”当大家急切地看完正文后，便了解这女子是个打字员，办公室打字机的声音使她愈加烦，终住进了精神病医院。这种奇闻的疑难之处是没办法不同因果关系。是噪音引起了病呢，还是病的症状之一是对噪音的抱怨?另有一位患者可能同样有理由抱怨说，她的邻居们正在联合起来对她进行诽谤和*，不过，大家不会轻信她的抱怨。

对于噪音问题，需要对很多生活在噪音中的人进行研究，看一看他们是不是比别的人更易患精神病。比如，美国海军前些时候调查了很多在航空母航上工作的人，这次调查被称之为：“安内英工程”。即便住在离机场几英里以外的地方，机场的噪音也会使人难受。因此，假如你能想像出和几个中队的喷气机同在一个甲板上是什么滋味儿的话，你就会认识到现代海军是研究噪音的好地方。但，不管进行精神病学的调查访问，还是进行客观的测试，都不可以显示噪音对这类美国水兵有任何影响。这个结果只是证实了美国和英国早些时候的研究结论：假如噪音对精神健康有影响的话，那也肯定是微乎其微，以致现代的精神病诊断办法还发现不了。这并非证实没有噪音对健康的影响。但它确实说明，噪音的危险性， 譬如说，比在孤儿院长大所受的害处要小一些，孤儿院才是真的风险精神健康的地方。